Untitled Document
Environment
Agriculture
Livestock
Fisheries
Soil & Water
Palm Tree
Statistics
Photo Album
SPS Agreement
Guidelines
Manufactures Guide
Organic Agriculture
Green Buildings

 
Avian Salmonellosis

References

  1. Abd-Allah-BMB (1995). The role of some wild birds in transmitting enterobacteriaceae infection to poultry farms. M.V.Sc Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med. Zagazig univ.
  2. Abd-Allah-Mervat (1991). Studies on Salmonella microorganism in fowls in Fayoum Governorate. M.V.Sc, Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo Univ
  3. Abd-El-Gawad-KAY (1995). Studies on some bacterial diseases of turkeys in Egypt. M.V.Sc Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med. Zagazig univ.
  4. Abd-El-Hamid, H.S. (1980). Studies on certain Salmonellae in Behera and/or Alexandria Governorates.M.V. Sc., thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Alexandria University.
  5. Abd-El-Hamid-HS; Abd-El-Azim-IM and Safwat-EEA (1985). Incidence of salmonella in poultry feeds and products.J Egypt Vet. Med. Ass. 45(2):147-52.
  6. Abou El-Azm, I.M., Bassiouni, A. and Abd El-Hamid, H.S(1981). Isolation of S. kottbus and other Salmonellae from dead chickens in Behera province.2nd. African Arab. Vet. Cong., Cairo.
  7. Abou El-Azm-IM; Bassiouni-AA and Salah-HE (1981a). Studies on salmonella gallinarum infection in Behera and Alexandria Governorates.15th Arab Vet. Med. Cong. ( Cairo), P. 23.
  8. Abou El-Azm-IM; Bassiouni-AA and Salah-HE (1981b): Isolation if S. Kottbus and other salmonellae from dead chickens in Beshera province.15th Arab Vet. Cong. (cairo), P. 80.
  9. Adesiyun-AA; Seepersadsingh-N; Inder-L and Caesar-K (1998). Some bacterial enteropathogens in wildlife and racing pigeons from Trinidad.Journal-of-Wildlife-Diseases. 1998, 34: 1, 73-80; 50 ref
  10. "Agozzino-E; Carbone-A; D'-Amico-M and Toscano-G (1990). Salmonella in chickens and turkeys on sale in the city of Naples.Igiene-Moderna. 1990, 93: 5, 738-748; 26 ref.
  11. Ahmed-AAS. and El-Sisi-MA (1965). Observation on diseases affecting pigeons in Egypt and their incidence with special reference to ornithosis, paratyphoid and trichomoniasis.Vet. Med. J. 7, 13, 319.
  12. "Alderton-MR; Fahey-KJ and Coloe-PJ (1991) Humoral responses and salmonellosis protection in chickens given a vitamin-dependent Salmonella typhimurium mutant. Avian-Diseases. 1991, 35: 3, 435-442; 17 ref.
  13. Ali-HA; El-Khashab-EF and El-Nabarawy-AM (1996). Recycling poultry waste as feed for chickens and its protective effect on Salmonella typhimurium infection. Veterinary-Medical-Journal-Giza. 1996, 44: 4, 709-717; 36 ref
  14. Allen-SB; Firstenberg-Eden-R; Shingler-DA; Bartley-CB and Sullivan-NM (1993). Evaluation of stabilized bismuth sulfite agar for detection of Salmonella in foods.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1993, 56: 8, 666-671; 8 ref.
  15. Allen-Vercoe-E and Woodward-MJ (1999). Colonisation of the chicken caecum by afimbriate and aflagellate derivatives of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis.
  16. Veterinary-Microbiology. 1999, 69: 4, 265-275; 32 refAlshawabkeh-K (1995) Protecting chicks from Salmonella gallinarum by oral administration of native aerobic microflora of chicken droppings. Dirasat.-Series-B,-Pure-and-Applied-Sciences. 1995, 22: 3, 805-814; 24 ref.
  17. Altekruse-S, Koehler-J, Hickman-Brenner-R, Tauxe-RV and Ferris-K (1993). A comparison of Salmonella enteritidis phage types from egg-associated outbreaks and implicated laying flocks.Epidemiol. Infect. 110,17-22.
  18. Angulo-F and Swerdlow-D (1998). Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infections in the United states. In Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in humans and animals. Ed. A.M. Saeed.Iowa State University Press (In Press).
  19. Anju-Nayak; Bansal-MP and Nayak-A (1998). Phagocytosis, bactericidal property and reactive nitrogen intermediates production by avian peritoneal macrophages against Salmonella gallinarum.Indian-Journal-of-Comparative-Microbiology,-Immunology-and-Infectious-Diseases. 1998, 19: 1, 32-34; 9 ref
  20. Anju-Nayak; Bansal-MP; Gupta-LK and Nayak-A (1998). Avian peritoneal macrophage phagocytic and bactericidal activity against Salmonella gallinarumIndian-Veterinary-Journal. 1998, 75: 7, 587-590; 10 ref
  21. Arakawa-A; Fukata-T; Baba-E; McDougald-LR; Bailey-JS and Blankenship-LC (1992). Influence of coccidiosis on Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens under floor-pen conditions.Poultry-Science. 1992, 71: 1, 59-63; 12 ref
  22. Arvanitidou-M; Tsakris-A; Sofianou-D and Katsouyannopoulos-V (1998). Antimicrobial resistance and R-factor transfer of salmonellae isolated from chicken carcasses in Greekhospitals.International-Journal-of-Food-Microbiology. 1998, 40: 3, 197-201; 16 ref.
  23. Awad-Sanaa SA (1997). Studies on the problem of Salmonella infections in chickens in Kafr El-Sheikh Province.M.V.Sc Thesis. Fac. Vet. Med., Tanta Univ.
  24. Baba-E; Sawano-K; Fukata-T and Arakawa-A (1987). Paratyphoid infection induced by Eimeria tenella in the broiler type chickens. Avian-Pathology. 1987, 16: 1, 31-42; 18 ref.
  25. Baggesen-DL; Skov-MN; Brown-DJ and Bisgaard-M (1997). Separation of Salmonella Typhimurium DT2 and DT135: molecular characterization of isolates of avian origi European-Journal-of-Epidemiology. 1997, 13: 3, 347-352; 21 ref
  26. Bahgat Moustafa, A.M., Sokker, I, M.H. and El-Refaie M.R (1971).
  27. Bacteriological and histopathological identification of salmonella in ducklings Vet. Med. J. Cairo, Univ. 19,. 261.
  28. Bailey-JS; Blankenship-LC and Cox-NA (1991). Effect of fructooligosaccharide on Salmonella colonization of the chicken intestine.Poultry-Science. 1991, 70: 12, 2433-2438; 24 ref.
  29. Bailey-JS (1998). Detection of Salmonella cells within 24 to 26 hours in poultry samples with the polymerase chain reaction BAX system. J of Food-protection. 1998,61:7,792-795.18 Ref.
  30. Bailey-JS, Stern-NJ and Cox-NA (2000). Commercial field trial evaluation of mucosal starter culture to reduce Salmonella incidence in processed broiler carcasses.J food Prot 2000 Jul;63(7):867-70
  31. Baldrias-LR and Capistrano-RVS (1997). Occurrence of Salmonella on dressed chicken in wet markets of Metro Manila
  32. Philippine-Journal-of-Veterinary-Medicine. 1997, 34: 1-2, 41-44; 21 ref.
  33. Bandekar-JR; Ussaf-KK and Nair-PM(1995). Detection of Salmonellae in chicken and fish samples using DNA probe.Journal-of-Food-Safety. 1995, 15: 1, 11-19; 17 ref.
  34. Barrow-PA (1990). Immunity to experimental fowl typhoid in chickens induced by a virulence plasmid-cured derivative of Salmonella gallinarum.Infection-and-Immunity. 1990, 58: 7, 2283-2288; 32 ref.
  35. Barrow-PA (1991) Experimental infection of chickens with Salmonella enteritidisAvian-Pathology. 1991, 20: 1, 145-153; 17 ref.
  36. Barrow-PA (1992). Further observations on the serological response to experimental Salmonella typhimurium in chickens measured by ELISA.Epidemiology-and-Infection. 1992, 108: 2, 231-241; 26 ref.
  37. Barrow-PA,; Berchieri-JR and Al-Haddad-O (1992). Serological response of chickens to infection with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Avian Diseases 36: 227-236, 1992.
  38. Barrow-PA; Hassan-JO; Lovell-MA and Berchieri-A(1990). Vaccination of chickens with aroA and other mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis.Research-in-Microbiology. 1990, 141: 7-8, 851-853; 4 ref.
  39. Barrow-PA; Huggins-MB and Lovell-MA (1994). Host specificity of Salmonella infection in chickens and mice is expressed in vivo primarily at the level of the reticuloendothelial system.Infection-and-Immunity. 1994, 62: 10, 4602-4610; 57 ref.
  40. Barrow-PA; Desmidt-M; Ducatelle-R; Guittet-M; Heijden-HMJF-van-der; Holt-PS; Velt-JHJH-in'-t; McDonough-P; Nagaraja-KV; Porter-RE; Proux-K; Sisak-F; Staak-C; Steinbach-G; Thorns-CJ; Wray-C; Zijderveld-F-van; Van-der-Heijden-HMJF; In'-t-Velt-JHJH and Van-Zijderveld-F (1996).

    World Health Organization - supervised interlaboratory comparison of ELISAs for the serological detection of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in chickens.Epidemiology-and-Infection. 1996, 117: 1, 69-77; 21 ref.

  41. Barrow-PA; Lovell-MA; Szmolleny-G and Murphy-CK (1998). Effect of enrofloxacin administration on excretion of Salmonella enteritidis by experimentally infected chickens and on quinolone resistance of their Escherichia coli flora.Avian-Pathology. 1998, 27: 6, 586-590; 24 ref.
  42. Barrow-PA; Lovell-MA; Murphy-CK and Page-K (1999). Salmonella infection in a commercial line of ducks; experimental studies on virulence, intestinal colonization and immune protection.Epidemiology-and-Infection. 1999, 123: 1, 121-132; 36 ref.
  43. Bassiouni-AA; El-Ahwal-A and Foda-M (1965) Incidence of infection with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum in certainEgyptian villages in the last years (1957-1965).Egypt Vet. Med. J, 11:176-178.
  44. Bassiouni-AA and Farid-A (1967). A comparative study on the efficiency of some media in isolating Salmonellafrom poultry organs.Vet. Med. J. Cairo Univ. 14, 165.
  45. Bates-C and Granshaw (1996). Salmonella control– a working example.Zootecnia International, September 1996
  46. Beattie-WE (1960) Avian infection with salmonella thompson observations.Poult. Sci., 33: 1233.
  47. Bebora-LC; Nyaga-PN and Kimoro-CO (1998).Comparison of immune response of two Salmonell agallinarum strains viewed as possible vaccines for fowl typhoid in Kenya.Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1998 june;65(2):67-73.
  48. Berchieri-Junior-A; Lovell-MA and Barrow-PA (1991).The activity in the chicken alimentary tract of bacteriophages lytic for Salmonella typhimurium. Research-in-Microbiology. 1991, 142: 5, 541-549; 19 ref.
  49. Berrang-ME; Cox-NA; Bailey-JS and Blakenship-LC (1991).Methods for inoculation and recovery of Salmonella from chicken eggs.Poultry-Science. 1991, 70: 11, 2267-2270; 19 ref.
  50. Berthelot-F; Beaumont-C; Mompart-F; Girard-Santosuosso-O; Pardon-P and Duchet-Suchaux-M (1998). Estimated heritability of the resistance to cecal carrier state of Salmonella enteritidis in chickens.Poultry-Science. 1998, 77: 6, 797-801; 17 ref.
  51. Bhattacharya-A; Singh-VP and Gupta-LK(1999). Invasiveness of Salmonella typhimurium (poultry isolates) in chicken embryo fibroblast Cell culture.Journal-of-Applied-Animal-Research. 1999, 16: 1, 93-96;3 ref
  52. Bianchi-A; Ricke-SC; Cartwright-AL and Gardner-FA(1994). A peroxidase catalyzed chemical dip for the reduction of Salmonella on chicken breast skin. Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1994, 57: 4, 301-304; 9 ref.
  53. Bichler-LA; Nagaraja-KV and Halvorson-DA (1996). Salmonella enteritidis in eggs, cloacal swab specimens, and internal organs of experimentally infected White Leghorn chickens.American-Journal-of-Veterinary-Research. 1996, 57: 4, 489-495; 34 ref.
  54. Bidarte-A (1990). Study of enterobacteria in meatsAlimentaria. 1990, No.211, 11-12; 3 refDansk. Veterinaertidsskrift. 61, 491.
  55. Boonmar-S; Bangtrakulnonth-A; Pornrunangwong-S; Marnrim-N; Kaneko-K and Ogawa-M (1998). Salmonella in broiler chickens in Thailand with special reference to contamination of retail meat with Salmonella enteritidis.Journal-of-Veterinary-Medical-Science. 1998, 60: 11, 1233-1236; 19 ref.
  56. Bouzoubaa-K; Lemainguer-K and Bell-JG (1992). Village chickens as a reservoir of Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum in Morocco.Preventive-Veterinary-Medicine. 1992, 12: 1-2, 95-100; 19 ref.
  57. Brigmon-RL; Zam-SG and Wilson-HR (1995). Detection of Salmonella enteritidis in eggs and chicken with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Poultry-Science. 1995, 74: 7, 1232-1236; 20 ref.
  58. Brogden-KA; Meehan-JT and Lehmkuhl-HD (1994).Salmonella arizonae infection and colonisation of the upper respiratory tract of sheep.Veterinary-Record. 1994, 135: 17, 410-411; 9 ref
  59. Buchanan , RE. And Gibbons, N.E. (1974) Bergey’s manual of Determinative Bactorioloy.9th Ed ., williams and wilkin Co. , Baltimore.
  60. Buchet-Suchaux-M; Mompart-F; Berthelot-F; Beaumont-C; Lechopier-P and Pardon-P (1997). Differences in frequency, level, and duration of cecal carriage between four outbred chicken lines infected orally with Salmonella enteritidis.Avian-Diseases. 1997, 41: 3, 559-567; 37 ref.
  61. Buchholz-PS and Fairbrother-A (1992). Pathogenicity of Salmonella pullorum in northern bobwhite quail and mallard ducks.
  62. Avian Dis 1992 Apr-Jun; 36(2):304-12 Bulling-E and pietzsch-O (1966):Salmonella diagnosis. II – enrichment and differentiating media for food inspection .Berl. Muach. Tierarztl. Wzchr.79:246.
  63. Calnek-BW, Barnes-MJ, Beard-CW, Mcdougald-LR and Saif-YM (1997). Avian Salmonellosis. In. Diseases of Poultry, 10th ED, 1997.81-129.
  64. Carlson-VL, Snoeyenbos-GH, Mckie-BA and Smyser-CF(1967).A comparison of incubation time and temperature for the isolation of SalmonellaAvian Dis. 11, 217.
  65. Carlson-VL and snoeyenbos-GH (1974) Comparative efficacies of selenite and tetrathionate enrichment broths for the isolation of salmonella serotypes.Am. J.Vet. Res. 35: 711-718
  66. Cattow-GS (1951)On methods for the isolation of salmonella from chickens.Obj. Agri. Sci. 8: 120.
  67. Cerrone-A; Blasone-M; Piccirillo-A; Mariani-F and Menna-LF(1997). Clinical findings observed in some ostrich-farms in Campania during the period 1997-1998XXXVII Convegno della Societa Italiana di Patologia Aviare, Flori, Italy, 1-2 October 1998. Selezione-Veterinaria. 1999, No. 8-9, 653-661; 25 ref
  68. Chaicumpa-W; Ngren-ngarmlert-W; Kalambaheti-T;
  69. Ruangkunaporn-Y; Chongsa-nguan-M; Tapchaisri-P; Desakorn-V and Suthienkul-O (1995). Monoclonal antibody-based dot-blot ELISA for the detection of Salmonella in foods.Asian-Pacific-Journal-of-Allergy-and-Immunology. 1995, 13: 2, 159-166; 18 ref.
  70. Chambers-JR; Bisaillon-JR; Labbe-Y; Poppe-C and Langford-CF (1998).Salmonella prevalence in crops of Ontario and Quebec broiler chickens at slaughter.Poultry-Science. 1998, 77: 10, 1497-1501; 28 ref.
  71. Chaubal-LH and Holt-PS (1999). Characterization of swimming motility and identification of flagellar proteins in Salmonella pullorum isolates.
  72. Charles-SD; Sreevatsan-S; Bey-RF; Sivanandan-V; Halvorson-DA and Nagaraja-KV (1996). A dot immunobinding assay (dot-ELISA) for the rapid serodiagnosis of Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens.Journal-of-Veterinary-Diagnostic-Investigation. 1996, 8: 3, 310-314; 32 ref.
  73. Chart-H; Baskerville-A; Humphrey-TJ and Rowe-B(1992). Serological responses of chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis PT4 by different routes.Epidemiology-and-Infection. 1992, 109: 2, 297-302; 10 ref
  74. Chen-H; Hayashi-S and Yamazaki-H (1995). Effects of cholate and selenite on polymexin-cloth enzyme immunoassay of salmonella statically cultured in the presence of microflora from chicken faeces. Food Microbiology. 1995,12:4,269-275;11ref.
  75. Chart-H; Rowe-B; Baskerville-A and Humphrey-TJ(1990a). Serological tests for Salmonella enteritidis in chickens.Veterinary-Record. 1990, 126: 1, 20.
  76. Chart-H; Rowe-B; Baskerville-A and Humphrey-TJ(1990b). Serological test for Salmonella enteritidis in chickens.Veterinary-Record. 1990, 126: 4, 92.
  77. Chart-H; Rowe-B; Baskerville-A and Humphrey-TJ(1990). Serological analysis of chicken flocks for antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis.Veterinary-Record. 1990, 127: 20, 501-502; 2 ref.
  78. Chen-ChinChu; Chen-JanYuan; Lee-ShinqRu; Chen-CC; Chen-JY and Lee-SR (1999). Growth inhibition of glycerol metabolites of Lactobacillus reuteri on microorganisms and human cancer cell linesJournal-of-the-Chinese-Agricultural-Chemical-Society. 1999, 37: 1, 117-125; 17 ref.
  79. Christensen-JP; Barrow-PA; Olsen-JE; Poulsen-JSDand Bisgaard-M (1996). Correlation between viable counts of Salmonella Gallinarum in spleen and liver and the development of anaemia in chickens as seen in experimental fowl typhoid.Avian-Pathology. 1996, 25: 4, 769-783; 21 ref.
  80. Clarke-RC and Gyles-CL (1993) Salmonella In Gyles-CL and Thoens-CO (Eds)Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa,pp.133-153.
  81. Clouser-CS; Doores-S; Mast-MG and Knabel-SJ(1995)a. The role of defeathering in the contamination of turkey skin by Salmonella species and Listeria monocytogenes.Poultry-Science. 1995, 74: 4, 723-731; 48 ref.
  82. Clouser-CS; Knabel-SJ; Mast-MG and Doores-S(1995)b. Effect of type of defeathering system on Salmonella cross-contamination during commercial processing.Poultry-Science. 1995, 74: 4, 732-741; 26 ref.
  83. Coleman-DJ; Chick-KE and Nye-KJ (1995). An evaluation of immunomagnetic separation for the detection of salmonellas in raw chicken carcasses.Letters-in-Applied-Microbiology. 1995, 21: 3, 152-154; 7 ref.
  84. Cook-GT, Frisby-BR and Jebb-WHH (1951): The routine use of selective and enrichment media for the isolation of salmonellae.Mon. Bull. Min. Hlth. Publ. Hlth. Lab. Serv . 10 : 89-95.
  85. Cooper-GL; Nicholas-RAJ; Cullen-GA and Hormaeche-CE(1990). Vaccination of chickens with Salmonella enteritidis aroA live oral salmonella vaccine.Microbial-Pathogenesis. 1990, 9: 4, 255-265; 41 ref.
  86. Cooper-GL; Venables-LM; Nicholas-RAJ; Cullen-GA andHormaeche-Ce (1992). Vaccination of chickens with chicken-derived Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 aroA live oral salmonella vaccines.Vaccine. 1992, 10: 4, 247-254; 25 ref.
  87. Cooper-GL; Venables-LM; Woodward-MJ and Hormaeche-CE (1994). Invasiveness and persistence of Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and a genetically defined S. enteritidis aroA strain in young chickens.Infection-and-Immunity. 1994, 62: 11, 4739-4746; 33 ref.
  88. Cooper-GL; Venables-LM; Woodward-MJ and Hormaeche-CE (1994). Vaccination of chickens with strain CVL30, a genetically defined Salmonella enteritidis aroA live oral vaccine candidate.Infection-and-Immunity. 1994, 62: 11, 4747-4754; 46 ref.
  89. Cooper-GL and Thorns-CJ (1996). Evaluation of SEF14 fimbrial dot blot and flagellar Western blot tests as indicators of Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens.Veterinary-Record. 1996, 138: 7, 149-153; 20 ref.
  90. Cooper-GL; Venables-LM and Lever-MS (1996). Airborne challenge of chickens vaccinated orally with the genetically-defined Salmonella enteritidis aroA strain CVL30.Veterinary-Record. 1996, 139: 18, 447-448; 18 ref
  91. Corrier-DE; Hinton-A Jr.; Ziprin-RL and DeLoach-Jr(1990). Effect of dietary lactose on salmonella colonization of market-age broiler chickens.Avian-Diseases. 1990, 34: 3, 668-676; 38 ref.
  92. Corrier-DE and Ziprin-RL (1989). Suppression of resistance to Salmonella typhimurium in young chickens inoculated with Corynebacterium parvum.Avian Dis 33 No 4: 787-791. 1989.
  93. Corrier-DE; Nisbet-DJ; Byrd-JA II; Hargis-BM;Keith-NK; Peterson-M and DeLoach-JR (1998). Dosage titration of a characterized competitive exclusion culture to inhibit Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens during growout. Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1998, 61: 7, 796-801; 20 ref.
  94. Corrier-DE; Nisbet-DJ; Scanlan-CM; Hollister-AG;Caldwell-DJ; Thomas-LA; Hargis-BM; Tomkins-T and Deloach-JR (1995). Tratment of commercial broiler chickens with a characterized culture of cecal bacteria to reduce Salmonellae colonization.Poultry Science. 1995, 74:7,1093-1101;28 ref.
  95. Corrier-DE and Ziprin-RL (1989) Suppression of resistance to Salmonella typhimrium in young chickens inoculated with Corynebacterium parvum.Avian Diseases 33:787-791 , 1989.
  96. Cox-N (1999). Incidence and impact of Salmonellae in broiler hatcheries.Zootecnica International . July1999. Pp26-27
  97. Craven-SE and Williams-DD (1997).Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium attachment to chicken cecal mucus by intestinal isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and lactobacilli.Avian Diseases. 1997, 41: 3, 548-558; 54 ref.
  98. Craven-SE and Williams-DD (1998). In vitro attachment of Salmonella typhimurium to chicken cecal mucus: effect of cations and pretreatment with Lactobacillus spp. isolated from the intestinal tracts of chickens.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1998, 61: 3, 265-271; 54 ref.
  99. Customer's technical column (1996). Available litterwater and salmonella infection.Zootecnica International, November q996, pp48-49.
  100. Curtice-C (1902). R.I. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 87 cited by Pomeroy, B.S.Diseases of poultry 7th Ed.
  101. Dalsgaard-A and Olsen-JE (1995). Prevalence of Salmonella in dry pelleted chicken manure samples obtained from shrimp farms in a major shrimp production area in Thailand.Aquaculture. 1995, 136: 3-4, 291-295; 13 ref.
  102. Danes-D; Popa-V; Iosef-C; Mihalache-M; Lesage-MC;Leroy-Setrin-S; Millemann-Y; Lafont-JP and Chaslus-Dancla-E (1995). Genetic characterisation of some avian Salmonella strainsStudies and researches in veterinary medicine. Journal-of-the-Pasteur-Institute-Romania. 1995, 3: 54-61; 15 ref
  103. Danes-D; Popa-AV; Descauses-MC; Setrin-SL; Millemann-Y; Dancla-EC and Lafont-JP (1997). Avian antibioresistant Salmonella typhimurium strains: molecular epidemiology aspects.Studies-and-Researches-in-Veterinary-Medicine. 1997, 5: 85-89; 10 ref
  104. DeLoach-JR; Oyofo-BA; Corrier-DE; Kubena-LF;Ziprin-RL and Norman-JO (1990). Reduction of Salmonella typhimurium concentration in broiler chickens by milk or whey.Avian-Diseases. 1990, 34: 2, 389-392; 14 ref. Desmidt-M; Ducatelle-R; Haesebrouck-F; Groot-PA-de;Verlinden-M; Wijffels-R; Hinton-M; Bale-JA; Allen-VM and De-Groot-PA (1996). Detection of antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis in sera and yolks from experimentally and naturally infected chickens.Veterinary-Record. 1996, 138: 10, 223-226; 16 ref.
  105. Desmidt-M; Ducatelle-R and Haesebrouck-F (1997). Pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis phage type four after experimental infection of young chickens.Veterinary-Microbiology. 1997, 56: 1-2, 99-109; 20 ref.
  106. Desmidt-M; Ducatelle-R and Haesebrouck-F (1998a). Immunohistochemical observations in the ceca of chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis phage type four.Poultry-Science. 1998, 77: 1, 73-74; 7 ref.
  107. Desmidt-M; Ducatelle-R; Mast-J; Goddeeris-BM;
  108. Kaspers-B and Haesebrouck-F (1998b).Role of the humoral immune system in Salmonella enteritidis phage type four infection in chickens.Veterinary-Immunology-and-Immunopathology. 1998, 63: 4, 355-367; 29 ref.
  109. Dodson-SV; Maner-JJ; Holt-PS and Lee-MD (1999). Temporal changes in the population genetics of Salmonella pullorum.Avian Dis 1999 Oct-Dec; 43(4):685-95
  110. Doyle-LP and Mothews-FP (1928): The pathology of white diarrhea in chicks.Purdue Univ. Agr. Exper. Sta. Bull. 323.
  111. Edens-FW; Parkhurst-CR; Casas-IA and Dobrogosz-WJ(1997). Principles of ex ovo competitive exclusion and in ovo administration of Lactobacillus reuteri.Poultry-Science. 1997, 76: 1, 179-196; 120 ref.
  112. Eissa-YM (1960): Poultry diseases in northern region of U.A.R.1st Ann, Vet. Cong. (Cairo), 19-33.
  113. El—Agroudi-MA (1960). Salmonella infection among poultry in the Egyptian Region U.A.R.1st Arab Ann. Vet. Congr. Cairo, P. 35.
  114. El-Agroudi-MA (1963). Further studies on Salmonellosis in domestic and game birds in U.A.R. 4th. Arab Ann. Vet. Congr. Cairo, P. 129.
  115. El-agroudi-MA and Awad-FI (1966): Salmonella in hens eggs.J. Vet. Sci., U.A.R., 3: 1-5.
  116. El-Agroudi-MA and Sadek-IM (1966): Salmonella infection in captive wild birds at Cairo Zoo.J. Vet. Sci., U.A.R., 3: 111-116.
  117. El-Agroudi-MA and Sadek-IM (1968): A survey on avian salmonellosis in ;U.A.R.J. Vet. Sci., U.A.R., 5: 11-17.
  118. El-Akkad-IN, Sokker-IMH, El-Refaie-MR and El-Tohami-S. (1967) Studies on salmonellosis among turkeys and ducks, detection and chemotherapeutic response.Vet. Med. J. Cairo Univ. 14, 97.
  119. El-Gohary-AA (1989). Studies on the epidemiology of Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum: isolation and identification serologically and biochemically in newly hatched chicks.M.V.Sc. Thesis. Fac. Vet . Med. Cairo Univ.
  120. El-Gohary-AA (1992) Some studies on the problem of paratyphoid infection in poultry.Ph. D. Thesis. Fac Vet. Med. Cairo Univ.
  121. El-Kady-MF (1986). Studies on S. gallinarum-pullorum infection in poultry in Benui-Suef.M.V.Sc. Thesis. Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo univ.
  122. El-Refai-MR (1967). Studies on some diseases of ducklings with special reference to salmonellosis and duck virus hepatitis.Ph. D. Thesis, Faculty of Vet. Med., Assiut University
  123. El-Refai-MR (1979). Investigation on salmonellosis in balady incubators.J.Egypt Vet. Med. Assoc. 39., 21
  124. El-Sawy-E (1976). Studies on salmonellosis in ducks.M.V. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
  125. El-Sawy-E (1979). Studies on salmonellosis in ducks in Egypt with special reference to the role of different phage types in controlling the disease.Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
  126. El-Taher-A (1974). The treatment of domestic birds carrier to bacilliary white diarrhoea. M.V. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ.
  127. El-Taher-A (1977). Studies on paratyphoid infection in ducks in Zagazig Province.Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ.
  128. Erich Muller andLudwig Schrag (1985).Fancy Pigeons. A handbook of the History, Care and Breeding of Exhibition Pigeons. Translation by Winfried Mehlig in co-operation wiyh Cyril J. Morley. Schober Verlags-GMBH.
  129. Floyed-TM (1956). Salmonella in domestic animals and fowls in Egypt.Report of U.S. Navel Medical Research Unit, No. 3, Cairo, Egypt.
  130. Fukata-T; Sasai-K; Baba-E and Arakawa-A (1996). Effect of ochratoxin A on Salmonella typhimurium-challenged layer chickens.Avian-Diseases. 1996, 40: 4, 924-926; 6 ref.
  131. Fukata-T; Tsutsui-H; Baba-E and Arakawa-A (1991). Population of Salmonella serovar typhimurium in the cecum of gnotobiotic chickens with Escherichia coli and intestinal bacteria.Journal-of-Veterinary-Medical-Science. 1991, 53: 2, 229-232; 23 ref.
  132. Gast-RK, and Stephens-JF (1988) Effects of Kanamycin administration to poultry on the proliferation of drug-resistant Salmonella Poult Sci 1988 May;67(5):689-98
  133. Gast-RK (1997).Detecting infections of chickens with recent Salmonella pullorum isolates using standard serological methods.Poultry-Science. 1997, 76: 1, 17-23; 20 ref.
  134. Gast-RK and Beard-CW (1990). Current ARS research on Salmonella enteritidis in chickens: experimental infections in laying hens.Dairy,-Food-and-Environmental-Sanitation. 1990, 10: 5, 276-278; 7 ref.
  135. Gast-RK and Holt-PS (1998). Application of flagella-based immunoassays for serologic detection of Salmonella pullorum infection in chickens.Avian-Diseases. 1998, 42: 4, 807-811; 18 ref.
  136. Gast-RK and Holt-PS (1998). Persistence of Salmonella enteritidis from one day of age until maturity in experimentally infected layer chickens.Poultry-Science. 1998, 77: 12, 1759-1762; 31 ref.
  137. Geissler-H and Kosters-J (1970) Diagnosis of salmonellosis in chickens using enrichment media incubated at 430C.Zentbl. Bakt. Parasitkl. I. (orig.) 214: 207-215.
  138. Genovese-KJ; Moyes-RB; Genovese-LL; Lowry-VK and Kogut-MH(1998). Resistance to Salmonella enteritidis organ invasion in day-old turkeys and chickens by transformed T-cell line-produced lymphokines.Avian-Diseases. 1998, 42: 3, 545-553; 31 ref.
  139. Genovese-KJ; Lowry-VK; Stanker-LH and Kogut-MH (1998). Administration of Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokine to day-old turkeys by subcutaneous, oral, and nasal routes: a comparison of effects on Salmonella enteritidis liver invasion, peripheral blood heterophilia and heterophil activation.Avian-Pathology. 1998, 27: 6, 597-604; 29 ref. Gentry-Weeks-CR; Hultsch-AL; Kelly-SM; Keith-JM andCurtiss-R (1992). Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding a 21-kilodalton outer membrane protein from Bordetella avium and expression of the gene in Salmonella typhimurium.Journal-of-Bacteriology. 1992, 174: 23, 7729-7742; 73 ref.
  140. Girard-Santosuosso-O; Menanteau-P; Duchet-Suchaux-M; Berthelot-F; Mompart-F; Protais-J; Colin-P; Guillot-JF; Beaumont-C and Lantier-F (1998).Variability in the resistance of four chicken lines to experimental intravenous infection with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4.Avian-Diseases. 1998, 42: 3, 462-469; 33 ref.
  141. Glesson-TM; Stavric-S and Blachfield-B (1989). Protection of chicks against salmonella infection with a mixture of pure cultures of intestinal bacteria.Avian Diseases 33: 636-642, 1989.
  142. Gorham-SL; Kadavil-K; Lambert-H; Vaughan-E; Pert-B andAbel-J (1991). Persistence of Salmonella enteritidis in young chickens.Avian-Pathology. 1991, 20: 3, 433-437; 10 ref.
  143. Gorham-SL; Kadavil-K; Vaughan-E; Lambert-H; Abel-J Pert-B (1994). Gross and microscopic lesions in young chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis.Avian Diseases. 1994, 38: 4, 816-821; 6 ref.
  144. Greenfield-J and Bankier-JC (1969): Isolation of salmonella and Arizona using enrichment media incubated at 35 and 43 degree C.Avian Dis. 13, 864–871.
  145. Greenfield-J and Bigland-CH (1970) Selective inhibition of certain enteric bacteria by selentine media incubated at35 and 430C.Avian Dis. 13, 864-871.
  146. Gurel-A; Ayyildiz-G; Turan-N; Pala-T and Yilmaz-H (1998). Salmonella arizonae infection in a guinea pig breeding unit.Turk-Veterinerlik-ve-Hayvancilik-Dergisi. 1998, 22: 4, 329-332; 14 ref.
  147. Gurthrie-RK (1992). Salmonella.CRC press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp.1-20.
  148. Gusils-C; Perez-Chaia-A; Apella-MC; Amoroso-MJ and Oliver-G (1998). Antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus animalis isolated from chicken against Salmonella gallinarum.Microbiologie,-Aliments,-Nutrition. 1998, 16: 4, 265-273; 22 ref.
  149. Gwatkin-R (1946)Studies in pullorum diseases bacteriological examination of tissues from fowls exsposed to infection with S. pullorum.Canad. J. Comp. Med. 10, 277.
  150. Gwatkin-R and Glover-IJS (1930). Isolation salmonella pullorum from the nasal passage of fowls.Ont. Vet. Coll, ]. Rep. 16.
  151. Haddad-EE; Anthony-NP; Bridjes-R; Whitfill-C; Skeeles-JK and Thoma-J (1994). Evaluation of the humoral immune response to different antigens in Arkansas Regressor and Progressor chickens.Poultry Sci 1994 Feb;73(2):341-5
  152. Hakkinen-ENM and Nuotio-L (1998). Competitive exclusionZOOTECNICA International, 34-36. July 1998
  153. Halle-PD; Umoh-JU; Saidu-L and Abdu-PA (1998). Diseases of poultry in Zaria, Nigeria: a ten year analysis of clinic recordsNigerian-Journal-of-Animal-Production. 1998, 25: 1-2, 88-92; 11 ref
  154. Hamouda-AS (1979) Studies on S. gallinarum-pullorum infection in poultry. M.V.Sc. Thesis (poult. Dis.) Cario University.
  155. Hamouda-AS (1983). Further studies on Salmonella gallinarum pullorum in chickens.Ph.D. Thesis (poult. Dis.) Fac. Vet. Med. Cailro Univ.
  156. Ha-SD; Ricke-SC; Nisbet-DJ; Corrier-DE and DeLoach-J (1994). Serine utilization as a potential competition mechanism between Salmonella and a chicken cecal bacterium.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1994, 57: 12, 1074-1079; 45 ref.
  157. Ha-SD; Nisbet-DJ; Corrier-DE; Deloach-JR and Ricke-SC (1995). Comparison of Salmonella typhimurium and selected facultative chicken cecal bacteria survivability after specific amino acid-limited batch growth. Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1995, 58: 12, 1335-1339; 41 ref.
  158. Hang'-ombe-BM; Sharma-RN; Skjerve-E and Tuchili-LM(1999). Occurrence of Salmonella enteritidis in pooled table eggs and market-ready chicken carcasses in Zambia.Avian-Diseases. 1999, 43: 3, 597-599; 17 ref.
  159. Hargis-BM; Caldwell-DJ; Brewer-RL; Corrier-DE and DeLoach-JR (1995). Evaluation of the chicken crop as a source of Salmonella contamination for broiler carcasses.Poultry-Science. 1995, 74: 9, 1548-1552; 12 ref.
  160. Harvey-RWS and Price-TH (1967). The isolation of salmonella from animal feeding staffs.J. Hyg. Camb. 65: 237.
  161. Harvey-RWS and Thomson-S (1953). Optimum temperature of incubation for isolation of Salmonellae.Mon. Bull. Min. Hlth. Serv., 12 ;: 149
  162. Hassan-JO; Barrow-PA; Mockett-APA and Mcleod-S (1990).Antibody response to experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens measured by ELISA.Veterinary-Record. 1990, 126: 21, 519-522; 16 ref.
  163. Hassan-JO and Curtiss-RIII (1990). Control of colonization by virulent Salmonella typhimurium by oral immunization of chickens with avirulent DELTAcya DELTAcrp S. typhimurium.Research-in-Microbiology. 1990, 141: 7-8, 839-850; 35 ref.
  164. Hassan-JO and Curtis-R III (1994a). Development and evaluation of an experimental vaccination program using a live avirulent S. typhimurium strain to protect immunized chickens against challenge with homologous and heterologous Salmonella serotypes.Infection-and-Immunity. 1994, 62: 12, 5519-5527;36 ref.
  165. Hassan-JO and Curtis-R III (1994b). Virulent Salmonella typhimurium-induced lymphocyte depletion and immunosuppression in chickens. Infection-and-Immunity. 1994, 62: 5, 2027-2036; 47 ref.
  166. Hassan-JO; Mockett-APA; Mcleod-S and Barrow-PA (1991a). Indirect antigen-trap ELISAs using polyclonal antisera for detection of group B and D salmonellas in chickens.Avian-Pathology. 1991, 20: 2, 271-281; 15 ref.
  167. Hassan-JO; Mockett-APA; Catty-D and Barrow-PA (1991b).Infection and reinfection of chickens with Salmonella typhimurium bacteriology and immune responses.Avian-Diseases. 1991, 35: 4, 809-819; 33 ref.
  168. Hayashi-S and Yamazaki-H (1996). Rapid and simple method for detecting Salmonella in chicken feces using polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay.Food-Microbiology. 1996, 13: 2, 103-107; 9 ref.
  169. Himathongkham-S and Riemann-H (1999) . Destruction of Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in chicken manure by drying and/or gassing with ammonia.FEMS-Microbiology-Letters. 1999, 171: 2, 179-182; 9 ref.
  170. Himathongkham-S; Nuanualsuwan-S and Riemann-H (1999).Survival of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in chicken manure at different levels of water activity.FEMS-Microbiology-Letters. 1999, 172: 2, 159-163; 24 ref.
  171. Hinton-A,Jr., Buhr-RJ and Ingram-KD (2000). Physical , chemical and microbiological changes in the ceca of broiler chickens subjected to incremental feed withdrawal.Poultry Science. 2000, 79:483-488.
  172. Hinton-A Jr.; Corrier-DE; Spates-GE; Norman-JO; Ziprin-RL; Beier-RC and DeLoach-JR (1990). Biological control of Salmonella typhimurium in young chickens.Avian-Diseases. 1990, 34: 3, 626-633; 26 ref.
  173. Hinton-A; Corrier-DE and DeLoach-JR (1992).In vitro inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by an anaerobic gram-positive coccus isolated from the cecal contents of adult chickens.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1992, 55: 3, 162-166; 21 ref.
  174. Hinton-A; Spates-GE; Corrier-DE; Hume-ME; DeLoach-JR andScanlan-CM (1991). In vitro inhibition of the growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by bacteria isolated from the cecal contents of adult chickens.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1991, 54: 7, 496-501; 28 ref.
  175. Hinton-M; Threlfall-EJ and Rowe-B (1990). The invasiveness of different strains of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 for young chickens.FEMS-Microbiology-Letters. 1990, 70: 2, 193-195; 10 ref.
  176. Hofstad-MS, Barnes-HJ, Calnek-BW, Reid-WM and Yoder,Jr-HW(1984) Diseases of poultry, Eighth Edition ,1984.65-129.
  177. Hollister-AG; Corrier-DE; Nisbet-DJ and Deloach-JR(1999).Effects of chicken-derived cecal microorganisms maintained in continuous culture on cecal colonization by Salmonella typhimurium in turkey poults.Poultry-Science. 1999, 78: 4, 546-549; 22 ref.
  178. Holt-PS (1995). Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in molted and unmolted laying chickens.Avian-Diseases. 1995, 39: 2, 239-249; 25 ref.
  179. Holt-PS and Arnold-JW (1995). Response to Salmonella enteritidis infection by the immunocompromised avian hostPoultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA Poultry-Science. 1995, 74: 4, 656-665; 30 ref
  180. Holt-PS and Chaubal-LH (1997) Detection of motility and putative synthesis of flagellar proteins in Salmonella pullorum cultures.J Clin Microbiol 1997 Apr;35(4):1016-20
  181. Holt-PS; Mitchell-BW and Gast-RK (1998). Airborne horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in molted laying chickens.Avian-Diseases. 1998, 42: 1, 45-52; 38 ref.
  182. Hopp-PK and Albiicker-RP (1997). Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum infection inpoultry:experiences in Switzerland.Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1997;139(11):485-9.
  183. Hu-JinXin; Bumstead-N; Barrow-P; Sebastiani-G; Olien-L;Morgan-K; Malo-D and Hu-JX (1997). Resistance to salmonellosis in the chicken is linked to NRAMP1 and TNC.Genome-Research. 1997, 7: 7, 693-704; 35 ref.
  184. Humphrey-TJ; Williams-A; McAlpine-K; Lever-MS; Guard-Petter-J and Cox-JM (1996). Isolates of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis PT4 with enhanced heat and acid tolerance are more virulent in mice and more invasive inchickens.Epidemiology-and-Infection. 1996, 117: 1, 79-88; 29 ref
  185. Hussain-I (1994). Enhancement of antibody response of chickens to Salmonella enteritidis vaccines by positively charged liposomal adjuvant.Pakistan-Veterinary-Journal. 1994, 14: 4, 180-184; 16 ref.
  186. Iba-AM; Berchieri-A Jr. and Barrow-PA (1995). Interference between Salmonella serotypes in intestinal colonisation of chickens: correlation with in vitro behaviour.FEMS-Microbiology-Letters. 1995, 131: 2, 153-159; 18 ref.
  187. Iba-AM and Berchieri-Junior-A (1995). Studies on the use of a formic acid-propionic acid mixture (Bio-addTM) to control experimental Salmonella infection in broiler chickens.Avian-Pathology. 1995, 24: 2, 303-311; 20 ref.
  188. Ibrahim, Hala (1995). Studies on colonization of intestine by salmonella in poultry.Ph.D Thesis. Fac. Vet. Med., cairo univ.
  189. Ibraheem- Omyma K(1983). Studies on salmonella infection in chickens in Sharkia province.M.V.Sc Thesis . Fac. Vet Med., Zagazig Univ.
  190. Ingham-SC and Tautorus-CL (1991). Survival of Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and indicator bacteria on cooked uncured turkey loaf stored under vacuum at 3°C.Journal-of-Food-Safety. 1991, 11: 4, 285-292; 18 ref.
  191. International Health review(1997). New challenges-new approacheS.International poultry production. vol.5.No.1 1997 P IX-X.
  192. Ismail-EA (1974). Studies on gram negative micro-organisms in poultry feedstuffs with special reference to Salmonella.M.V. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
  193. Istiana (1993). Distribution of Salmonella spp. serotypes in traditional hatcheries of Alabio ducks in the District of Hulu Sungai Utata, South KalimantanPenyakit-Hewan. 1993, 25: 46, 120-123; 13 ref
  194. Izat-AL; Kopek-JM and McGinnis-JD (1991). Research note: incidence, number, and serotypes of Salmonella on frozen broiler chickens at retail.Poultry-Science. 1991, 70: 6, 1438-1440; 17 ref.
  195. Javed-T; Hameed-A and Siddique-M (1993a). Competitive exclusion of Salmonella by lactobacilli: A strategy to control salmonellosis in chicken.Proceedings-of-Pakistan-Congress-of-Zoology. 1993, 13:493-500; 7 ref.
  196. Javed-T; Hameed-A and Siddique-M (1993b). The influence of dietary sodium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on Salmonella colonization in chicken.Proceedings-of-Pakistan-Congress-of-Zoology. 1993, 13: 513-521; 40 ref.
  197. Jethon-H (1990). Occurrence of salmonellas in clinically healthy sheep, and its implications for meat hygieneMonatshefte-fur-Veterinarmedizin. 1990, 45: 9, 317-322; 33 ref.
  198. Jin-LZ; Ho-YW; Ali-MA; Abdullah-N and Jalaludin-S (1996). Effect of adherent Lactobacillus spp. on in vitro adherence of salmonellae to the intestinal epithelial cells of chicken.Journal-of-Applied-Bacteriology. 1996, 81: 2, 201-206; 27 ref.
  199. Johnson-DC, David-M and Goldsmith-S (1992). Epizootiological investigation of an outbreak of pullorum disease in an integrated broiler operation.Avian Dis 1992 Jul-Sep;36(3):770-5.
  200. Kamel-SM (1977). Evaluation of different antigens used for diagnosis of S.pullorum with special reference to the variant antigen.M.V.Sc. Thesis (Microbiology) Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo univ.
  201. Kamel-SM (1982). Studies of the microbial etiology of dead-in-shell in native hatcheries.Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Assiut University.
  202. Kamel-FM; Azzam-AH; Abd-El-Aziz-M (1993).Effect of virginiamycin and monensin interaction on salmonella infected chicks.J of Applied Animal Research (1993),(1)47-54.
  203. Karaman-R(1980). Studies on some bacterial diseases of poultry causing high mortality in balady hatcheries in Monofia Province.M.V. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
  204. Kauffmann-F (1954) : Enterobacteriaceae, 2nd Ed. Man-Regard Copenhagen, Denmark.
  205. Keller-LH; Benson-CE; Krotec-K and Eckroade-RJ (1995). Salmonella enteritidis colonization of the reproductive tract and forming and freshly laid eggs of chickens.Infection-and-Immunity. 1995, 63: 7, 2443-2449; 30 ref.
  206. Keller-LH; Schifferli-DM; Benson-CE; Aslam-S andEckroade-RJ (1997). Invasion of chicken reproductive tissues and forming eggs is not unique to Salmonella enteritidis.Avian-Diseases. 1997, 41: 3, 535-539; 25 ref.PY: 1997
  207. Kinde-H; Read-DH; Ardans-A; Breitmeyer-RE; Willoughby-D; Little-HE; Kerr-D; Gireesh-R and Nagaraja-KV (1996). Sewage effluent: likely source of Salmonella enteritidis, phage type 4 infection in a commercial chicken layer flock in southern California.Avian-Diseases. 1996, 40: 3, 672-676; 19 ref.
  208. Khalil-MY; El-Ghool-AM; Abassy-KH and Riskl-KG (1965). A study of S.pullorum in turkeys.J. Arab. Vet. Med. Ass. 25, 219-222.
  209. Kim-CJ; Emery-DA; Rinke-H; Nagaraja-KV and Halvorson-DA (1989). Effect of time and Temperature on growth of Salmonella enteritidis in experimentally inoculated eggs.Avian Dis 33 No 4:735-742, 1989.
  210. Kim-CJ; Nagaraja-KV and Pomeroy-BS (1991). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens.American-Journal-of-Veterinary-Research. 1991, 52: 7, 1069-1074; 24 ref.
  211. Kim-JW; Slavik-MF; Griffis-CL and Walker-JT (1993). Attachment of Salmonella typhimurium to skins of chicken scalded at various temperatures.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1993, 56: 8, 661-665, 671; 21 ref.
  212. Klein-F (1889) Ubereine epidemissche Krankheit der Huehner, Versucht durch eiven bacillus-bacillus gallinarum.Zentr. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. Abt. I. Orig.5 : 689.
  213. Kleven-SH (Chairman); Poss-PE; Pomeroy-BS; Rhorer-A;Cover-MS; Fischer-JR; Witter-RL and Hoerr-F (1994). Report of the committee on transmissible diseases of poultry and other avian species Proceedings-of-the-United-States-Animal-Health- Association. 1994, 98: 490-533
  214. Kneifel-W and Berger-E (1994). Microbiological criteria of random samples of spices and herbs retailed on the Austrian market.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1994, 57: 10, 893-901; 34 ref
  215. Kogut-MH; Genovese-K; Moyes-RB and Stanker-LH (1998). Evaluation of oral, subcutaneous, and nasal administration of Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines on the potentiation of a protective heterophilic inflammatory response to Salmonella enteritidis in day-old chickens.Canadian-Journal-of-Veterinary-Research. 1998, 62: 1, 27-32; 29 ref.
  216. Kogut-M; Tellez-G; Mcgruder-E; Hargis-B and Deloach-J(1997). Immunoprophylaxix of Salmonella gallinarum infected by Salmonella enteritidis-immunelymphokines in broiler chicks.Adv Exp Med Biol 1997;412:413-20.
  217. Kottom-TJ; Nolan-LK and Brown-J (1995). Invasion of Caco-2 cells by Salmonella typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates from healthy and sick chickens. Avian-Diseases. 1995, 39: 4, 867-872; 14 ref.
  218. Kwon-HJ; Park-Ky; Yoo HS; Park-JY; Park YH and Kim-SJ (2000).Differentiation of Salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum biotype pullorum from biotype gallinarum by analysis of phase 1 flagellin C gene (fliC).J Microbiol Methods 2000 Mar;40(1):33-8
  219. Lee-MD; Curtiss-R III and Peay-T (1996). The effect of bacterial surface structures on the pathogenesis of Salmonella typhimurium infection In chickens. Avian-Diseases. 1996, 40: 1, 28-36; 30 ref.
  220. Lessard-M; Hutchings-DL and Spencer-JL (1995). Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in chickens infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Avian-Diseases. 1995, 39: 2, 230-238; 39 ref.
  221. Li-Y; Xiong-H; Slavik-MF and Yang-Z (1997). Pre-chill antimicrobial spray using an inside/outside birdwasher to reduce Salmonella on chicken carcasses during processing. ASAE Annual International Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 10-14 August, 1997. Paper -American-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers. 1997, No. 976091, 26 pp.; 38 ref.
  222. Lillard-HS (1994). Effect of trisodium phosphate on salmonellae attached to chicken skin.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1994, 57: 6, 465-469; 17 ref.
  223. Limawongprance-S; Hayashidani-H; Okatani-AT; Ono-K; Hirota-C; Kaneko-KI and Ogawa-M (1999).Prevalence and persistence of Salmonella in broiler chicken flocks.Journal-of-Veterinary-Medical-Science. 1999, 61: 3, 255-259; 29 ref.
  224. Lin-MY; Wu-YH; Cheng-JH; Lin-GJ; Tung-MC; Lan-YC; Sung-HTand Cheng-CP (1996). Isolation of avian mycoplasmas and Salmonella ssp. and serological survey of Newcastle disease, egg drop syndrome, pullorum disease and two avian mycoplasmas in sparrows flying around chicken farms.Taiwan-Journal-of-Veterinary-Medicine-and-Animal-Husbandry. 1996, 66: 2, 125-131; 19 ref
  225. Li-Zhang; Turner-AK; Dougan-G and Barrow-PA (1998). Protection of chickens against experimental fowl typhoid using a nuoG mutant of Salmonella serotype Gallinarum.Vaccine. 1998, 16: 9-10, 899-903; 31 ref.
  226. Lowry-VK; Tellez-GI; Nisbet-DJ; Garcia-G Urquiza-O Stanker-LH and Kogut-MH (1999). Efficacy of S. enteritidis-immune lymphokines on horizontal transmission of S. arizonae in turkeys and S. gallinarum in chickens.Int J Food Microbiol 1999 May 1;48(2):139-48.
  227. Lumsden-JS; Wilkie-BN and Clarke-RC (1991). Resistance to fecal shedding of salmonellae in pigs and chickens vaccinated with an aromatic-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhimurium.American-Journal-of-Veterinary-Research. 1991, 52: 11, 1784-1787; 17 ref.
  228. Machado-J and Bernado-F (1990). Prevalence of Salmonella in chicken carcasses in Portugal.Journal-of-Applied-Bacteriology. 1990, 69: 4, 477-480; 19 ref.
  229. Madden-JM (1990). Salmonella enteritidis contamination of whole chicken eggs.Dairy,-Food-and-Environmental-Sanitation. 1990, 10: 5, 268-270; 9 ref
  230. Madhuri-D; Puran-Chand; Sadana-JR and Chand-P (1999) Comparison of a dot immunobinding assay and the serum agglutination test for detecting serological responses in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens following challenge with Salmonella gallinarum.Avian-Pathology. 1999, 28: 1, 98-101; 14 ref.
  231. MAFF report (1996). Salmonella surveillence in the UK.Zootecnica International, December 1997:. 6-10
  232. Mahato-SN; Thakuri-KC; Thapa-PB and Yadav-JN (1990). Prevalence of Salmonella infection in chickens in Nepal.PAC-Technical-Paper -Pakhribas-Agricultural-Centre. 1990, No. 122, 7 pp.; 8 ref.
  233. Mahon-J; Murphy-CK; Jones-PW and Barrow-PA (1994). Comparison of multiplex PCR and standard bacteriological methods of detecting Salmonella on chicken skin. Letters-in-Applied-Microbiology. 1994, 19: 3, 169-172; 15 ref.
  234. Mallinson-ET; Tate-CR; Miller-RG; Bennett-B and Russek-Cohen-E (1989).Monitoring poultry farms for Salmonella by Drag-Swab sampling and antigen-capture immunoassay.Avian Dis 33:684-690, 1989.
  235. Malmann-WL (1929). Salmonella pullorum in the intestinal contents of baby chicks.J. Infect. Dis. 44:16-20
  236. Malmann W.L., Throp frank, J.R. and Semmes, M. (1928) : The isolatilon of Salmonellae.J. Appl. Bact. 25 : 213-224.
  237. Mayeda-B; Mccapes-RH and Scott-WF (1978). Protection of day-old poults against Arizona hinshawii challenge by preincubation streptomycin egg treatment.Avian Dis 1978 Jan-Mar;22(1):61-70.
  238. McCoy (1962). The isolation of Salmonellae.J.
  239. Hargis-BM; Caldwell-DJ; Brewer-RL; Corrier-DE and DeLoach-JR (1995). Evaluation of the chicken crop as a source of Salmonella contamination for broiler carcasses.Poultry-Science. 1995, 74: 9, 1548-1552; 12 ref.
  240. Harvey-RWS and Price-TH (1967). The isolation of salmonella from animal feeding staffs.J. Hyg. Camb. 65: 237.
  241. Harvey-RWS and Thomson-S (1953). Optimum temperature of incubation for isolation of Salmonellae.Mon. Bull. Min. Hlth. Serv., 12 ;: 149 Act. 25:213-224.
  242. Mccapes-D; Humphreys-T;McNamara-Ann Maria; Krger-K and Mcllory-G (1998). Americans focus on Salmonella. In American association of avian pathologists, Symposium on salmonella in Baltimore, Maryland USA.International Poultry production .Vol . 6 No.5:13-17, 1998.
  243. McGruder-ED; Kogut-MH; Corrier-DE; Deloach-JR and Hargis-BM (1996). Characterisation of colony-stimulating activity in the avian T cell-derived factor, Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokineResearch-in-Veterinary-Science. 1996, 60: 3, 222-227; 37 ref.
  244. Medders-WM; Wooley-RE; Gibbs-PS; Shotts-EB and Brown-J (1998). Mutation rate of avian intestinal coliform bacteria when pressured with fluoroquinolones Avian-Diseases. 1998, 42: 1, 146-153; 20 ref
  245. Meyer-H; Methner-U; Barrow-PA and Martin-G (1997). Comparative study of the protective effect against Salmonella colonisation in newly hatched SPF chickens using live, attenuated Salmonella vaccine strains, wild-type Salmonella strains or a competitive exclusion product.International-Journal-of-Food-Microbiology. 1997, 35: 3, 223-230; 22 ref.
  246. Millemann-Y; Lesage-MC; Chaslus-Dancla-E and Lafont-JP(1995). Value of plasmid profiling, ribotyping, and detection of IS200 for tracing avian isolates of Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidisJournal-of-Clinical-Microbiology. 1995, 33: 1, 173-179; 31 ref
  247. Mikaelian-I; Gauthier-F; Fitzgerald-G; Higgins-R; Claveau-R and Martineau-D (1997). Primary causes of death in wild birds of QuebecMedecin-Veterinaire-du-Quebec. 1997, 27: 3, 94-102; 47 ref
  248. Mikhail-DC(1977). Some studies on the prevalence of salmonellae infection in chickens at Sharkia Province.M.V. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ.
  249. Milligy-M; Choniem-N and Nagatti-K (1973) : Epidemiological studies on Salmoneslla of some game birds and 700 animals inGiza-Garden.J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Ass 33. 157-165.
  250. Mohamed-NR (1988). Certain epidemiological aspects on Salmonellosis in poultry.M.V.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo Univ.
  251. Mohamed-EAA (1996). Study on some bacterial causes of the early chick mortalities in Sharkia province.M.V. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ.
  252. Moore-VA(1895) USDA BAI 12th and 13th Ann. Rep. Pp. 185-205Cited by B.S. PomeroyDiseases of poultry 7th. Ed.
  253. Moore-RW; Scanlan-CM; Belyavskyi-M; Sauer-HW and Hargis- BM (1993). Research note: differential chemotaxis of Physarum polycephalum to Salmonella gallinarumand salmonella pullorum.Poult Sci 1993 Apr,72(4):752-4.
  254. Moustafa-F(1982). Microbiological and serological studies on avian salmonellosis.Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo Univ.
  255. Moyes-RB; Kogut-MH; Droleskey-RE and DeLoach-JR (1998). Differential expression of adhesion molecules by chicken heterophils activated in vivo with Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines. Veterinary-Immunology-and-Immunopathology. 1998, 62: 1, 83-95; 26 ref.
  256. Muir-WI; Bryden-WL and Husband-AJ (1998a). Comparison of Salmonella typhimurium challenge models in chickens. Avian-Diseases. 1998, 42: 2, 257-264; 23 ref
  257. Muir-WI; Bryden-WL and Husband-AJ (1998b). Evaluation of the efficacy of intraperitoneal immunization in reducing Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens.Poultry-Science. 1998, 77: 12, 1874-1883; 28 ref.
  258. Munibary-EAA(1980). Studies on S. gallinarum-pullorum in chickens with special reference to infectious drug resistance (R. factor)M.V.Sc. Thesis (Poult. Dis.), Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
  259. Nakamura-M; Nagamine-N; Takahashi-T; Norimatsu-M; Suzuki-S and Sato-S (1995). Intratracheal infection of chickens with Salmonella enteritidis and the effect of feed and water deprivation.Avian-Diseases. 1995, 39: 4, 853-858; 13 ref.
  260. Nakamura-M; Takagi-M; Takahashi-T; Suzuki-S; Sato-S and Takehara-K (1997). The effect of the flow of air on horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in chickens.Avian-Diseases. 1997, 41: 2, 354-360; 21 ref.
  261. Nicholas-RAJ (1992). Serological response of chickens naturally infected with Salmonella typhimurium detected by ELISA.British-Veterinary-Journal. 1992, 148: 3, 241-248; 8 ref.
  262. Nicholas-RAJ and Cullen-GA (1991). Development and application of an ELISA for detecting antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis in chicken flocks.Veterinary-Record. 1991, 128: 4, 74-76; 16 ref.
  263. Nisbet-DJ; Tellez-GI; Lowry-VK; Anderson-RC; Garcia-G; Nava-G; Kogut-MH; Corrier-DE and Stanker-LH (1998). Effect of a commercial competitive exclusion culture (PreemptTM) on mortality and horizontal transmission of Salmonella gallinarum in broiler chickens.Avian-Diseases. 1998, 42: 4, 651-656; 22 ref.
  264. Nitzschke-E(1951) Untersuchungen uber die leistungsfahigkit des selenite F. Mediums Zur anrcicherung Von Salmoneller in Vergleich mit der tetrathionat-bouillon. Dis. Giessen.
  265. Ozdemir-U (1996). Studies on methods used for identification of Salmonella strains isolated from poultry.Pendik-Veteriner-Mikrobiyoloji-Dergisi. 1996, 27: 2, 143-162; 69 ref.
  266. Padron-NM, (1990). Salmonella typhimurium outbreak in broiler chicken.flocks in Mexico.Avian-Diseases. 1990, 34: 1, 221-223; 5
  267. Palic-T; Orlic-D; Miljkovic-B; Stojiljkovic-Lj; Rasic-Z;Nikolovski-J; Sekler-M; Ignjatovic-R; Dekic-J Analysis of poultry health in Serbia between 1989 and 1998Zivinarstvo. 1998, 33: 4-5, 81-90
  268. Pennycott-TW and Duncan-G (1999). Salmonella pullorum in the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)Vet Rec 1999 Mar 13;144(11):283-7.
  269. Peterson-AL; Qureshi-MA; Ferket-PR and Fuller-JC Jr(1999). Enhancement of cellular and humoral immunity in young broilers by the dietary supplementation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate.Immunopharmacology-and-Immunotoxicology. 1999, 21: 2, 307-330; 22 ref.
  270. Plummer-RAS; Blissett-SJ and Dodd-CER (1995). Salmonella contamination of retail chicken products sold in the UK.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1995, 58: 8, 843-846; 9 ref.
  271. Popa-AV; Danes-D; Avram-E; Sandu-I; Descauses-MC; Setrin-SL; Millemann-Y; Dancla-EC and Lafont-JP (1997). Characterisation of antibioresistant avian Salmonella typhimurium strains by ribotyping,IStyping and plasmid profiling.Studies-and-Researches-in-Veterinary-Medicine. 1997, 5: 79-83; 12 ref.
  272. Poppe-C and Duncan-CL (1996). Comparison of detection of Salmonella by the TecreaR UniqueTM Salmonella test and the modified Rappaport Vassiliadis medium.Food-Microbiology. 1996, 13: 1, 75-81; 41 ref.
  273. Pritchard-J (1990). Salmonella arizonae in sheepCanadian-Veterinary-Journal. 1990, 31: 1, 42; 3 ref
  274. Purushothaman-V; Premkumar-B and Venkatesan-RA (1998). Resistogram typing of Salmonella serotypes of avian originIndian-Journal-of-Animal-Sciences. 1998, 68: 11, 1119-1120; 3 ref
  275. Qin-ZR; Fukata-T; Baba-E and Arakawa-A (1995a). Effect of Eimeria tenella infection on Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens.Poultry-Science. 1995, 74: 1, 1-7; 27 ref.
  276. Qin-ZR; Arakawa-A; Baba-E; Fukata-T; Miyamoto-T; Sasai-K and Withanage-GSK (1995b). Eimeria tenella infection induces recrudescence of previous Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens.Poultry-Science. 1995, 74: 11, 1786-1792; 29 ref.
  277. Radkowski-M; Uradzinski-J and Szteyn-J (1996). The occurrence of infectious and parasitic diseases in poultry slaughtered in the District of Olsztyn, Poland, 1986-91.Avian-Diseases. 1996, 40: 2, 285-289; 20 ref.
  278. Ramadan-FM,. and Sadek-IM (1971). Parameters of Salmonellosis in Egypt.J. Arab Vet. Med. Ass. XXXI, 1993
  279. Ramadan-N (1988). Certain epidemiological aspects of Salmonella in chickens. M.V.Sc. Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo Univ.
  280. Rambousek-MJ; Iba-AM; Stachissini-AVM and Berchieri-Junior-A (1995). The effect of carbohydrate administration on experimental infection with Salmonella serotypes in chickens.Revista-de-Microbiologia. 1995, 26: 1, 32-36; 31 ref.
  281. Ramirez-GA; Sarlin-LL; Caldwell-DJ; Yezak-CR Jr.; Hume-ME; Corrier-DE; DeLoach-JR and Hargis-BM (1997). Effect of feed withdrawal on the incidence of Salmonella in the crops and ceca of market age broiler chickens.Poultry-Science. 1997, 76: 4, 654-656; 9 ref.
  282. Refaie, EL-R.M. (1975). Incidence of pullorum diseases in some villages of upper Egypt.Assiut Vet. Med. J. 3 : 212-214.
  283. Refaie, EL-R.M. (1977). Comparing studies between the influence role of somatic factors G-1 and 122 on the agglutination reaction for detecting S.pullorum.Assuit. Vet. Med. J. 4, 203-207.
  284. Refaie, EL-R.M. (1979). Epidemiology of salmonellosis in balady incubators.14th Arab Vet., Cong. (Cairo, P. 67.)
  285. Reiber-MA and Conner-DE (1995). Effect of mating activity on the ability of Salmonella enteritidis to persist in the ovary and oviduct of chickens.Avian-Diseases. 1995, 39: 2, 323-327; 33 ref.
  286. Renwick-SA; Irwin-RJ; Clarke-RC; McNab-WB; Poppe-C and McEwen-SA (1992).A Epidemiological associations between characteristics of registered broiler chicken flocks in Canada and the Salmonella culture status of floor litter and drinking water.Canadian-Veterinary-Journal. 1992, 33: 7, 449-458; 52 ref.
  287. Rettger-LF (1899). (Cited by Snoeyenbos, G.R. (1978) Diseases of Poultry 7th ed.
  288. Rettger-LF (1900) . Septicaemia among young chickensN.Y. Med. J. 71 : 303-895.Cited by Tohamy, F. (M.V.Sc) Thesis Cairo Ulniv.
  289. Retteger-LF., Stoneburn-FH (1909) Bacillary white diarrhea of young chicks.Starrs. Agr. Experi. Sta. Bull. 68 : 285.
  290. Roland-K; Curtiss-R III and Sizemore-D (1999). Construction and evaluation of a DELTAcya DELTAcrp Salmonella typhimurium strain expressing avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 LPS as a vaccine to prevent airsacculitis in chickens.Avian-Diseases. 1999, 43: 3, 429-441; 50 ref.
  291. Runnells-RA; Coon-CJ;Farley_H and Thorp-F (1927). An application of the rapid-method agglutination test to the diagnosis of bacillary white diarrhea infection.J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 70:660-667. 1927
  292. Ryll-M, Bisgaard-M, Christensen-JP and Hinz-KH (1996). Differentiation of Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum by theirwhole-cell fatty acid methyl ester profile.Zentralbl Veterinarmed (B) 1996 Aug ;43(6);357-63 .
  293. Ryll-M and Hinz-KH (1995). Differentiation of Salmonella gallinarum rough and smooth straians using gas chromatography analysis of their cell-bound fatty acids.Berl Munch Tierarzil Wochenchr 1995 Sep; 108(9); 347-9.
  294. Rzedzicki-J; Furmaga-J and Bos-M (1996). Effectiveness of some antimicrobial agents in elimination of organ carrier of Salmonella enteritidis in broiler chickens.Annales-Universitatis-Mariae-Curie-Sklodowska.-Sectio-DD,-Medicina-Veterinaria. 1996, 51: 127-132; 21 ref.
  295. Sadek-IM and Moustafa-FM (1973) The occuence, distribution and significance of Salmonella in Turkeys, chickens and ducks.11th Arab. Vet. Cong. Cairo. P. 44.
  296. Saeed-AM (1998). The Impact of Salmonella enteritidis on pblic health and environmental quality.United States Animal Health Association. 1998 Procedings. USAHA Web.1-6
  297. Safwat-ES(1979). Studies on salmonellosis in ducks in Egypt with speciall reference to the role of different phage types in controlling the disease.Ph. D. Thesis, (Poult. Dis.), Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
  298. Salem-M; Odor-Em and Pope-C (1992). Pullorum disease in Delaware roasters.Avian Dis. 1992 Oct-Dec;36(4):1076-80.
  299. Samaha-H(1980) Incidence and significance of pathogenic micro-organisms in the water of Mahomodia canal.M.V. Sc. Thesis, Fac.Vet. Med., Alexandria Univ.
  300. Sasai-K; Yoshimura-K; Lillehoj-HS; Withanage-GSK; Fukata-T; Baba-E and Arakawa-A (1997). Analysis of splenic and thymic lymphocyte subpopulations in chickens infected with Salmonella enteritidis.Veterinary-Immunology-and-Immunopathology. 1997, 59: 3-4, 359-367; 22 ref.
  301. Sato-Y; Sato-G; Tuchili-L; Padey-GS; Nakajima-A; Chimana-H and Sinsungwe-H (1997). Status of Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum infections in poultry in Zambia.Avian Dis 1997 Apr-Jun;41(2):490-5
  302. Sato-Y; Wada-H; Matsuura-S; Aoyagi-T and Arakawa-A(1996). Infectivity of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from the bengalee to chickens. Journal-of-Veterinary-Medical-Science. 1996, 58: 6, 543-546; 23 ref.
  303. Schaffer-JM; MacDonald-AD; Hall-WJ and Bunyea-H (1931). A stained antigen for the rapid whole blood test of pullorum disease.J. Am.Vet. Med. Assoc. 79:236-240. 1931.
  304. Schiemann-DA and Montgomery-AL (1991). Immune responses in chickens against Salmonella typhimurium monitored with egg antibodies.Veterinary-Microbiology. 1991, 27: 3-4, 295-308; 46 ref.
  305. Schneitz-C and Nuotio-L (1992). Efficacy of different microbial preparations for controlling salmonella colonisation in chicks and turkey poults by competitive exclusion.British-Poultry-Science. 1992, 33: 1, 207-211; 12 ref.
  306. Schweighardt-H (1991). Specific causes of abortion in cattle and sheep with special reference to microbial agents (protozoa, bacteria, fungi)Wiener-Tierarztliche-Monatsschrift. 1991, 78: 1, 2-6; 15 ref
  307. Sewell-AM ; D'-Aoust-JY; Daley-E and Crozier-M (1990).Pet turtles: a continuing international threat to public healthAmerican-Journal-of-Epidemiology. 1990, 132: 2, 233-238; 26 ref.
  308. Shahata-MM (1980). Some studies on paratyphoid infections in poultry in Upper Egypt.Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Assiut Univ.
  309. Shalaby-NA (1977). Studies on salmonellosis in poultry with particular reference to Arizona in Gharbia Province.M. V. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo Univ.
  310. Shareef-AM; Al-Sanjary-RA and Hassan-AA (1997).Recovery of two types of Salmonellae from eggs of free range-rearing hens and ducksIraqi-Journal-of-Veterinary-Sciences. 1997, 10: 2, 125-128; 25 ref.
  311. Shivaprasad-HL; Timoney-JF; Morales-S; Lucio-B and Baker-RC (1990).C Pathogenesis of Salmonella enteritidis infection in laying chickens. I. Studies on egg transmission, clinical signs, fecal shedding, and serologic responses.Avian-Diseases. 1990, 34: 3, 548-557; 35 ref.
  312. Shouman-MT and Moustafa-FM (1972). Salmonellosis in chickens.Egypt. Vet. Med. J. XX, 183.
  313. Shouman-MT and Moustafa-FM(1975). A trial to investigation the epidemiology of salmonella in ducklings and ducks.12th Arab Vet. Congr. Cairo.
  314. Siddique-M; Bercca-I (1984). Effecacy of some enrichment media and selective media for isolating salmonella gallinarum Bact. Virol. Parazit. Epidermial 28910 ; 49-54.
  315. Silva-EN; Hipolito-O and Grecchi-R (1980) Natural and experimental Salmonella arizonae18:z4,z32(Ar.7:1,7,8) infection in broilers. Bacteriological and histopathological survey of eye and brain lesions.Avian Dis 1980 Jul-Sep;24(3)631-6.
  316. Singh-BR and Sharma-VD (1998). Purification and characterization of phospholipase C of Salmonella gallinarum. Indian J Exp Biol 1998 Dec;36(12);1245-52 .
  317. Smith, H. and Ten Broek, C. (1915). Agglutination affinities of a pathogenic bacillus from fowls (fowl typhoid) Bacterium Sangauinarium, with the typhoid baccilus of man.J. Med. Res. 31:503-521.
  318. Slavik-MF and Tsai-HS (1992). A membrane blotting procedure for detection of Salmonella on chicken carcasses.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1992, 55: 7, 548-551; 23 ref.
  319. Smith-H and Tenbroek-C (1915). Agglutination affinities of a pathogenic bacillus from fowls (fowl typhoid) Bacterium sanguinarium, with the typhoid bacillus of man.J. Med. Res. 31:503-521.
  320. Smith-H and Williams-J (1954). Isolation from the lower respiratory tract of chickens of bacteria administered by mouth.Nature, Lond. 174:45.
  321. Smyser-CF; Snoeyenbos-GH and Mckie-B (1970). Isolation of salmonella from rendered by-products and poultry litter in enrichment media incubated at elevated temperature.Avian Dis. 10:314.
  322. Sokkar-IMH; Abbassi-KH and Abdel Malek-AN (1975). Investigation on outbreak of acute Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum infecting among adult chickens.assiut vet. Med. J. 2 : 227-231.
  323. Soumet-C; Ermel-G; Fach-P and Colin-P (1994). Evaluation of different DNA extraction procedures for the detection of Salmonella from chicken products by polymerase chain reaction.Letters-in-Applied-Microbiology. 1994, 19: 5, 294-298; 16 ref.
  324. Spring-P (1998) Understanding the development of the avian gastrointestinal microflora. ZOOTECNICA International, 52-53. January 1998.
  325. Stavric-S; Gleeson-TM and Blanchfield-b (1991). Effect of avian intestinal microflora possessing adhering and hydrophobic properties on competitive exclusion of Salmonella typhimurium from chicks.Journal-of-Applied-Bacteriology. 1991, 70: 15, 414-421; 31 ref
  326. Sumrov-I; Ivanov_P; Lozeva-T and Vitkov-M (1977). Introduction of an additional H-agglutinating test antigen for the differentiation of specific positive reactions in pullorum disease-fowl typhoid in poultry experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and Salmonella enteritidis.Vet Med Nauki 1977;14(8):62-8
  327. Sunwoo-HH; Nakano-T; Dixon-WT and Sim-JS (1996). Immune responses in chickens against lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.Poultry-Science. 1996, 75: 3, 342-345; 19 ref.
  328. Suryana and Istiana (1997). Bacteriological examinations of ducklings, duck's eggs, feed, and rice bran collected from Alabio market, South Kalimantan.Journal-Ilmu-Ternak-dan-Veteriner. 1997, 2: 3, 208-211; 12 ref.
  329. Szigeti-G; Palfi-V; Nagy-B; Edes-I; Nagy-G; Szmoleny-G;Bago-G and Radvanyi-S (1998). New type of immunostimulant to increase antibody production in response to viral and bacterial vaccinesMagyar-Allatorvosok-Lapja. 1998, 120: 12, 719-721
  330. Tan-S; Gyles-CL and Wilkie-BN (1997a). Comparison of an LPS-specific competitive ELISA with a motility enrichment culture method (MSRV) for detection of Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis in chickens.Veterinary-Microbiology. 1997, 56: 1-2, 79-86; 19 ref.
  331. Tan-S; Gyles-CL and Wilkie-BN (1997b). Evaluation of an aroA mutant Salmonella typhimurium vaccine in chickens using modified semisolid Rappaport Vassiliadis medium to monitor faecal shedding.Veterinary-Microbiology. 1997, 54: 3-4, 247-254; 29 ref.
  332. Thayer-DW and Boyd-G (1991a). Effect of ionizing radiation dose, temperature, and atmosphere on the survival of Salmonella typhimurium in sterile, mechanically deboned chicken meat.Poultry-Science. 1991, 70: 2, 381-388; 16 ref.
  333. Thayer-DW and Boyd-g (1991b). Survival of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 on the surface of chicken legs or in mechanically deboned chicken meat gamma irradiated in air or vacuum at temperatures of -20 to +20 C.Poultry-Science. 1991, 70: 4, 1026-1033; 25 ref.
  334. Thayer-DW; Songprasertchai-S and Boyd-G (1991). Effects of heat and ionizing radiation on Salmonella typhimurium in mechanically deboned chicken meat.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1991, 54: 9, 718-724; 30 ref.
  335. Thayer-DW; Boyd-G; Fox-JB Jr. and Lakritz-L (1995a). Effects of NaCl, sucrose, and water content on the survival of Salmonella typhimurium on irradiated pork and chicken. Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1995, 58: 5, 490-496; 28 ref.
  336. Thayer-DW; Boyd-G and Huhtanen-CN (1995b). Effects of ionizing radiation and anaerobic refrigerated storage on indigenous microflora, Salmonella, and Clostridium botulinum types A and B in vacuum-canned, mechanically deboned chicken meat. Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1995, 58: 7, 752-757; 20 ref.
  337. Thiagarajan-D; Saeed-M; Turek-J and Asem-E (1996). In vitro attachment and invasion of chicken ovarian granulosa cells by Salmonella enteritidis phage type 8. Infection-and-Immunity. 1996, 64: 12, 5015-5021; 37 ref.
  338. Thorns-CJ; Bell-MM; Sojka-MG and Nicholas-RA (1996). Development and application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for specific detection of Salmonella enteritidis infections in chickens based on antibodies to SEF14 fimbrial antigen.Journal-of-Clinical-Microbiology. 1996, 34: 4, 792-797; 21 ref.
  339. Tohamy-FM (1983): Studies on Salmonella gallinarium-pullorum infection in Giza province. M. V. Sc. Thesis (poult. Dis.) Fac. Vet. Med. Cairo univ.
  340. Toh-SL and Teo-TP (1998). An account of Salmonella enteritidis outbreak in a local chicken layer farm. Singapore-Journal-of-Primary-Industries. 1998, 26: 55-68; 22 ref.
  341. Tuchili-LM; Kodama-H; Sharma-RN; Takatori-I; Pandey-GS;Kabilika-S; Mukamoto-M; Tsuji-S and Baba-T (1996b). Detection of Salmonella DNA in chicken embryos and environmental samples by polymerase chain reaction.Journal-of-Veterinary-Medical-Science. 1996, 58: 9, 881-884; 12 ref.
  342. Tuchili-LM; Ulaya-W; Kato-Y and Kaneuchi-C (1996a). Recent characterisation of Salmonella strains isolated from chickens in Zambia.Journal-of-Veterinary-Medical-Science. 1996, 58: 1, 77-78; 3 ref.
  343. USAHA-Web (1998) Report of the USAHA Committee.Microsoft Internet Explorer. Pp 1-36
  344. USDA-NVSL, Report (1996). U.S. Salmonella isolates.Zootecnica International, October 1996:pp 16.
  345. Uyttendaele-MR; Debevere-JM; Lips-RM and Neyts-KD (1998). Prevalence of Salmonella in poultry carcasses and their products in Belgium. International-Journal-of-Food-Microbiology. 1998, 40: 1-2, 1-8; 20 ref
  346. Vazquez-L; Jaramillo-L; Lascurain-R; Cooper-EL; Rosas-Pand Zenteno-E (1996). Bacterial agglutination by the sialic acid specific serum lectin from Macrobrachium rosenbergiiComparative-Biochemistry-and-Physiology.-B,-Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biology. 1996, 113: 2, 355-359; 35 ref Waage-AS; Vardund-T; Lund-V and Kapperud-G (1999).
  347. etection of low numbers of Salmonella in environmental water, sewage and food samples by a nested polymerase chain reaction assayJournal-of-Applied-Microbiology. 1999, 87: 3, 418-428; 51 ref.
  348. Waldroup-AL; Yamaguchi-W; Skinner-JT and Waldroup-PW(1992). Effects of dietary lactose on incidence and levels of salmonellae on carcasses of broiler chickens grown to market age.Poultry-Science. 1992, 71: 2, 288-295; 44 ref.
  349. Waltman-WD; Horne-AM; Pirkle-C and Johnson-DC (1992). Prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis in Spent hens.Avian Diseases 36:251-255, 1992.
  350. Wang-JingXu; Zhang-GuoXiang; Liu-ChangFu; Tian-XiaoDi; Liu-XiaoHong; Ma-YingZhan; Wang-JX; Zhang-GX; Liu-CF; Tian-XD; Liu-XH and Ma-YZ (1996). Current status and control policy of avian diseases in Shaanxi Chinese-Journal-of-Veterinary-Science-and-Technology. 1996, 26: 5, 13-16
  351. Wang-WeiChi; Li-YanBin; Slavik-MF and Hua-Xiong,(1997). Trisodium phosphate and cetylpyridinium chloride spraying on chicken skin to reduce attached Salmonella typhimurium.Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1997, 60: 8,992-994; 13 ref.
  352. Weber-A and Rackelmann-E (1991). Detection of Salmonella in foods with 1-2 teter. Berliner-und-Munchener-Tierarztliche-Wochenschrift. 1991,104:7,233-235;4Ref.
  353. Weis-J; Kopecky-J; and Kyselovic-J (1997). Effects of a lactiferm microbiotic preparation on growth, feed conversion and biochemical characterization of the blood serum of ducks. Acta-Zootecnica. 1997,53:115-125,13ref.y
  354. White-PL; Schlosser-W; Benson-CE; Maddox-C and Hogue-A (1997). Environmental survey by manure drag sampling for Salmonella enteritidis in chicken layer houses. Journal-of-Food-Protection. 1997, 60: 10, 1189-1193; 6 ref.
  355. Wiebe van dir Sluis (1999), 1999 world poultry disease update.world poultry-Elsevier vol.15 No.7-99.
  356. Wierup-M; Engval-A; Olsson-E; Ingstrom-B and Haggblom-P(1995). Control of Salmonella infection in broilers-the Swedish model. Zootecnica International, 48-51, July 1999
  357. Wilson, G. S. and Miles, A. (1975): Topley and Wilson’s principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity. 6th Ed. Edward Arnold, London.
  358. Wooley-RE; Gibbs-PS and Shotts-EB (1999). Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium in the chicken intestinal tract by a transformed avirulent avian Escherichia coli. Avian-Diseases. 1999, 43: 2, 245-250; 26 ref.
  359. Wyatt-GM; Dionysou-S; Lee-HA; Morgan-MRA; Stokely-D;
  360. Richards-J; Al-Hajji-AH; Sillis-A; Parker-S and Jones-P (1995). Application of an ELISA for the routine detection of Salmonella in chicken. Food-and-Agricultural-Immunology. 1995, 7: 4, 345-350; 9 ref.
  361. Xie-H; Rath-NC; Huff-GR; Huff-WE and Balog-JM (2000) Effects of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide on broiler chickens.Poultry science, 2000. 79:33-40.
  362. Yokoyama-H; Umeda-K; Peralta-RC; Hashi-T; Icatlo-FC Jr.;Kuroki-M; Ikemori-Y and Kodama-Y (1998). Oral passive immunization against experimental salmonellosis in mice using chicken egg yolk antibodies specific for Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium. Vaccine. 1998, 16: 4, 388-393; 40 ref.
  363. Yoshida-E; Saitanu-K; Jerngklinchan-J; Bangtrakulnonth-A; Ingkaninun-P (ed.) and Poomvises-P (1993).Comparison of drug resistance and conjugative R-plasmids of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from humans and poultry. Proceedings, 11th International Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Food Hygienists, 24-29 October 1993, Bangkok, Thailand. 1993, 561-567; 20 ref
  364. Youssief-HMZ; Nahla-El-Mahdy-D; Aisha-Ragab-AM and El- Sawy-A (1996). The effect of Salmonella enteritidis infection on immune response against Newcastle disease (ND) in chickens.Veterinary-Medical-Journal-Giza. 1996, 44: 4, 727-734; 19 ref.
  365. Zaher-A and Nafaie-E (1963). Incidence of poultry diseases in breeding frams. 4th Ann. Arab. Vet. Congr.P. 297-299.
  366. Zhou-ZX; Deng-ZP and Ding-JY (1995). Role of glycoconjugates in adherence of salmonella pullorum to intestinal epithelium of chicks. Br Poultry Sci 1995 Mar;36(1):79-86
  367. Zijderveld-FG-van; Zijderveld-van-Bemmel-AM-van;Anakotta-J; Van-Zijderveld-FG and Van-Zijderveld-van-Bemmel-AM (1992). Comparison of four different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serological diagnosis of Salmonella enteritidis infections in experimentally infected chickens. Journal-of-Clinical-Microbiology. 1992, 30: 10, 2560-2566; 24 ref.
  368. Zijderveld-FG-van; Zijderveld-van-Bemmel-AM-van;Brouwers-RAM; Vries-TS-de; Landman-WJM; Jong-WA-de; Van-Zijderveld-FG; Van-Zijderveld-van-Bemmel-AM; De-Vries-TS and De-Jong-WA (1993). Serologica l detection of chicken flocks naturally infected with Salmonella enteritidis, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal antibodies against the flagellar antigen. Veterinary-Quarterly. 1993, 15: 4, 135-137; 15 ref.
  369. Ziprin-RL; Corrier-DE; Hinton-A Jr.; Beier-RC; Spates-GE; DeLoach-JR and Elissalde-MH (1990). Intracloacal Salmonella typhimurium infection of broiler chickens: reduction of colonization with anaerobic organisms and dietary lactose. Avian-Diseases. 1990, 34: 3, 749-753; 12 ref.
  370. Ziprin-RL; Elissalde-MH; Hinton-A; Beier-RC; Spates-GE; Corrier-DE; Benoit-TG and DeLoach-JR (1991) Colonization control of lactose-fermenting Salmonella typhimurium in young broiler chickens by use of dietary lactose.American-Journal-of-Veterinary-Research. 1991, 52: 6,833-837; 37 ref.
  371. Ziprin-RL; Kogut-MH; McGruder-ED; Hargis-BM and DeLoach-JR (1996). Efficacy of Salmonella enteritidis (SE)-immune lymphokines from chickens and turkeys on SE liver invasion in one-day-old chicks and turkey poults. Avian-Diseases. 1996, 40: 1, 186-192; 27 ref.